30 Noncurrent and current other provisions

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€ million

 

Obligations arising from sales

 

Employee expenses

 

Litigation and legal risks

 

Miscellaneous provisions

 

Total

1

Value in the opening balance adjusted (see disclosures on IFRS 9 and IFRS 15).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at Jan. 1, 2017

 

33,027

 

4,546

 

11,717

 

7,904

 

57,193

Foreign exchange differences

 

−689

 

−61

 

−119

 

−169

 

−1,038

Changes in consolidated Group

 

13

 

3

 

−13

 

−27

 

−24

Utilization

 

17,546

 

1,450

 

7,444

 

2,334

 

28,774

Additions/New provisions

 

14,990

 

2,030

 

2,190

 

3,217

 

22,426

Unwinding of discount/effect of change in discount rate

 

−50

 

11

 

−25

 

6

 

−57

Reversals

 

1,881

 

193

 

504

 

962

 

3,540

Balance at Dec. 31, 2017

 

27,865

 

4,886

 

5,802

 

7,634

 

46,186

of which current

 

14,821

 

2,069

 

2,999

 

5,458

 

25,347

of which noncurrent

 

13,044

 

2,817

 

2,802

 

2,176

 

20,839

Balance at Jan. 1, 20181

 

27,867

 

4,886

 

5,802

 

7,631

 

46,185

Foreign exchange differences

 

39

 

−17

 

−88

 

−21

 

−88

Changes in consolidated Group

 

−2

 

−7

 

−1

 

−44

 

−53

Utilization

 

10,437

 

1,632

 

2,396

 

2,415

 

16,880

Additions/New provisions

 

12,179

 

2,019

 

2,131

 

3,153

 

19,483

Unwinding of discount/effect of change in discount rate

 

−108

 

5

 

−19

 

9

 

−114

Reversals

 

2,503

 

99

 

516

 

662

 

3,780

Balance at Dec. 31, 2018

 

27,035

 

5,155

 

4,913

 

7,651

 

44,754

of which current

 

13,986

 

2,248

 

2,349

 

5,291

 

23,874

of which noncurrent

 

13,050

 

2,906

 

2,563

 

2,360

 

20,879

The obligations arising from sales contain provisions covering all risks relating to the sale of vehicles, components and genuine parts through to the disposal of end-of-life vehicles. They primarily comprise warranty obligations, calculated on the basis of losses to date and estimated future losses. They also include provisions for discounts, bonuses and similar allowances which are incurred after the balance sheet date, but for which there is a legal or constructive obligation attributable to sales revenue before the balance sheet date.

Provisions for employee expenses are recognized for long-service awards, time credits, partial retirement arrangements, severance payments and similar obligations, among other things.

The decline in provisions for obligations regarding litigation and legal risks result primarily from the utilization of the provisions recognized in connection with the diesel issue. In addition to residual provisions relating to the diesel issue, the provisions for litigation and legal risks contain amounts related to a large number of legal disputes and official proceedings in which Volkswagen Group companies become involved in Germany and internationally in the course of their operating activities. In particular, such legal disputes and other proceedings may occur in relation to suppliers, dealers, customers, employees, or investors. Please refer to the “Litigation” section for a discussion of the legal risks.

Miscellaneous provisions relate to a wide range of identifiable specific risks, price risks and uncertain obligations, which are measured in the amount of the expected settlement value.

Miscellaneous provisions additionally include provisions amounting to €562 million (previous year: €534 million) relating to the insurance business.